Gestalt Psycology (K-GP)
KOHLER, W.
Location In Research
Dr Kohler's book takes a central role in this body of research. This is essentially a scientific explaination of why it is that comic books play so well to human perception. This is a basis for explaining why it might be that comic book visual and narrative devices may ease the creation of meaning in an embodied interaction.
The basic thrust of Gestalt Psycology according to Kohler is that an given phenomenon will be made sense of only in terms of the subjectivity of the observer, their past experience and the specific environment in which the phenomenon arises. Essentially the parts being greater than the sum of the whole.
Through a process of what Kohler terms "closure", humans will automatically attempt to make sense of any object placed before them no matter how it may be camoflaged. Words may still be readable after being crossed out, the face / vase diagram looks to some like a picture of two faces in profile, to others like a vase but to no-one does it look like both simultaneously.
Gestalt Psycology posits that our perception relys on certain attributes to make sense of objects, these are:
- Continuity: Does an object appear as a natural extension of another, the downstroke in a lower case letter t for example appears as one curved line rather than two lines broken by one or two horizontal lines.
- Proximity: This allows the grouping of letters in this sentence to form words in that some are closer together than others. Without proximity written language would not exist in its current form.
- Similarity: Circular road signs give instructions, triangular ones give warnings. Without similarity, this grouping would not make sense.
Notes
| Page | Type | Details | Notes On || Quotes On || Synopsis On |
|---|---|---|---|
| 265 | Quote |
Figures become detached from their backgrounds, which receed. |
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| 289 | Quote |
... recall is restricted to instances in which the process now given and a part of the original unitary event are sufficiently similar. |
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| 130-160 | Synopsis |
This section of the book deals with the basic human need to make sense of objects. Kohler cites examples in which blind from birth patients, when operated upon gain the power of sight and automatically have the ability to recognise the boundaries of objects placed before them. Without a visual history to guide their understanding and without relying on other senses for information the patients were unable to determine what the object was, but none of them had the slightest trouble acertaining what constituted this object, where it was. By way of contrast, Kohler cites examples of patients with certain types of brain lesion who loose this ability. In one case while the patient could recognise his writtem name by tracing the letters with his eyes and filling in when it became apparent what he was looking at, if a line was drawn through these letters he became unable to form the closure of the experiential symbol. |
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| 41 | Synopsis |
Kohler discusses the Cavendish electrical conductivity experiments where relative conductance of various materials was assessed by touching them to to a battery and determining the strength of the chock recieved. The point of this example is to illustrate that once a relative premis is accertained, in this case conductance, then a more detailed study can be made. Without the first crude study, the second refined one is impossible. This is important for all fields of enquiry which are in their infancy. |
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| 225 | Synopsis |
Kohler discusses the KiKi and BooBah images (although here they are referenced against different sounds - this may be a symptom of being translated from German). How one sense can suggest the experience gained from another, sharp sounds and sharp images for example. There is also a discussion here about shape and shade and how these may transform to language metaphor. |
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| 265 | Synopsis |
Word combinations are story forming this forms connections and so association. Essentially this section decribes the forming of what I would choose to call "mental comic books". The "groups" that Kohler describes here are what Lakoff & Johnson describe as basic level categories, below these groups no association can be found as no mental image can be generated. |
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| 299 | Synopsis |
Bi-polar organisation is normally how we establish difference (darker/lighter - away/towards - hot/cold). There is hardly a field from which bi-polar organisation is absent. |
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Book / Article Details
| Title: | Gestalt Psycology |
|---|---|
| Author: | Wolfgang Kohler |
| Publishers: | New York: Liveright |
| First Published: | 1970 |
| ISBN: | 0-465-03680-5 |
| Research Ref: | K-GP |